Saturday, 7 November 2026

THE PAIN THAT IS NOT YET PAST

THE PAIN THAT IS NOT YET PAST


Hindus have suffered a lot from Islamic invasion, conquest and rule. Women enslaved, sold in slave markets and to save honour, committed into committing self-immolation (jauhar). The death toll over a thousand years is estimated at 80 million at least. The forced conversion and population decline from the effects of oppression in the estimation of Ferishta was from 600 million to 200 million in four centuries. The loot, cultural desecration, demolition of thousands of temples and building of mosques at those very sacred sites using the very temple material, and burning of universities and viharas---the oppression was endless. And then came Partition and its horrors. There was relative relief for brief periods when the ruler was less oppressive. But the thousand year enslavement---never wholly, for India was large and never completely subjugated---has left a permanent mark on our civilisation that continues to traumatise us even today owing to active terrorism fuelled, funded, organised and orchestrated from across the border. We are yet to achieve Hindu-Muslim cohesion which has never been and perhaps will never be unless we can arrive at a true separation of religion and politics, although the Constitution provides scope for it. Doctrinally, though, Islam is terribly antithetical to Hinduism and if followed to the letter will never allow for Hindu-Muslim amity and peace, leave aside a close-knit unity. Hinduism accepts all religions as valid paths to God but not so Islam which is totally exclusive and intolerant of all other faiths. Hence, the future of India in terms of communal harmony is uncertain.


Written by Sugata Bose

Wednesday, 4 November 2026

AWAKE ! AWAKE ! ... 2


AWAKE ! AWAKE ! ... 2


Hindus, unite! The genocide of Kashmiri Hindus must never be forgotten. The horrors of Kolkata and Noakhali must ring alarm bells forever. 'Never again', like the Jews say, we Hindus, who for 1300 plus years have suffered the worst genocide in human history, must also sound and resound till it tingles in the lifeblood of every Hindu. 'Unite the forces of good', as Swamiji used to say. Unite and organise. Help Hindu organisations that are trying to integrate the Hindus. Help each other. Treat each other well. Give up evil jealousy, the bane of our debilitated race. We must be brave. We must be bold. We must be magnanimous towards each other if we wish to win this civilisational war, if we are 'not only to survive but to conquer', as Sri Aurobindo put it. 🕉 Hindu!


Written by Sugata Bose

AWAKE ! AWAKE ! ... 1

 




AWAKE ! AWAKE ! ... 1


Hindu hospitality towards Abrahamic faiths has done untold damage to Hindus. Remember, proselytising faiths are forever predatory. Our numbers have declined and theirs increased at our expense, conversion doing the devastation to our civilisation till Partition dealt the deathblow. And the bleeding continues ever since. 1300 plus years of alien oppression with traitors within our ranks facilitating the devastation. Must we still sleep? Didn't Swamiji give up the wake-up call? Didn't Thakur descend to save us? Hasn't Mother forged afresh our umbilical links to Her that we may draw on Her resources to revitalise our race and live not only to defend but to conquer? Didn't Swamiji say that to propagate the message of the Vedānta the world over must be our foreign policy, that nothing less than the spiritual conquest of the world can save us from extinction? 🕉 Hindu!


Written by Sugata Bose

MESSAGES GALORE ... 149


MESSAGES GALORE ... 149


1. Our numbers are declining and we are still a divided lot. How much more trauma must Hindus suffer, hom much longer will they in-fight before they wake up to the challenges that face them? Before you learn to love humanity as a whole, O Hindus, love your fellow beings!


2. India is safe so long as it is a vastly Hindu-majority nation. When the Hindus become a minority, India will be 'dead and gone'. Illustration: Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan of the erstwhile Akhanda Bhāratvarsha and of the current Indian subcontinent. 🕉 Hindu!


3. āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨেāϰ āĻāϤ āĻĻাāϏāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāϞে āϏāύাāϤāύীāϰা āϰāĻ•্āώা āĻĒাāĻŦে āύা | āϤৃāϤী⧟ āϰিāĻĒুāϰ āĻŦāĻĄ়āχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•োāĻĒ āφāϜ, āϞোāĻ­ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāϤ্āϰ, āϰāύ্āϧ্āϰে āϰāύ্āϧ্āϰে, āĻŽāϜ্āϜা⧟ āĻŽāϜ্āϜা⧟ |


4. The most prominent Hindu spiritual organisations are too meek, too cowardly and, hence, by way of inference, too selfish in self-preservation when it comes to defence of the Dharma and the Sanātanis. This must not be. We must courageously combat all whose aim is to destroy the Hindus and their age-old ancestral faith.


5. Everybody suffers sorrow, are cramped by obvious limitations but few realise that they are bound souls bearing the yoke of eight fetters which they can and which they must overthrow.


6. Medical cost is killing.


7. Why must nations prey upon each other if man today is so civilised?


8. Teach your child VIVEKANANDA.


9. Children are the hope of humanity. Ramakrishna Mission, rapidly reach out to these fresh flowers of the garden of the Mother.


10. Why aren't Hindus allowed minority status in regions where they are a minority as in the Kashmir Valley where they have faced and continue to face terrible persecution? In a federation ought it not to be to safeguard Hindus against oppression?


11. āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϜী āϚāϞে āĻ—েāϞেāύ āϝāĻ–āύ, āϰাāϜা āĻŽāĻšাāϰাāϜ, āĻļāĻ°ā§Ž āĻŽāĻšাāϰাāϜ, āύিāĻŦেāĻĻিāϤা, āĻঁāϰা āĻ›িāϞেāύ | āϤাঁāϰাāχ āĻļেāώ āϝাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āϏāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ | āĻ•েāω āύা āĻ•েāω āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āϝাāύ āϝিāύি āĻĻেāĻ–েāύ | āĻšāϤāĻ­াāĻ—্āϝ āϏে āϝাāϰ āĻ•েāω āύেāχ | āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤাāϰāĻ“ āĻŽা āφāĻ›েāύ | āĻŽা āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ—িāĻ•াāϰāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ |


12. āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϜী āχāĻšāϞোāĻ• āĻ›েāĻĄ়ে āϚāϞে āĻ—েāϞেāύ | āĻŽেāϜāĻ­াāχ āĻŽāĻšেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāύাāĻĨ āϤāĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻĢেāϰেāύ āύি | āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϜীāϰ āĻļেāώ āϝাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻ•াāϞ āĻĒāϰ āĻĢিāϰāϞেāύ | āĻ•āϤ āĻ•āώ্āϟ āĻŽা āĻ­ুāĻŦāύেāĻļ্āĻŦāϰীāϰ !


13. āϰাāĻŽāĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖ āĻŽিāĻļāύ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻ­াāϞ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻšিāύ্āĻĻুāϰ āϰāĻ•্āώাāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒে āύাāύা āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ…āĻ•ৃāϤāĻ•াāϰ্āϝ | āφāĻĒāύাāϰা āϏāĻ•āϞে āϰাāĻŽāĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖ āĻŽিāĻļāύāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞিāώ্āĻ  āĻ•āϰুāύ |


14. āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϜী āĻŽে⧟েāĻĻেāϰ āύāĻŦāϜাāĻ—āϰāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏাāϰāĻĻা āĻŽāĻ েāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āύ āĻĻেāĻ–েāĻ›িāϞেāύ | āĻŽা⧟েāϰা, āϏাāϰāĻĻা āĻŽāĻ েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āĻĻāϞে āĻĻāϞে āϏংāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āϏেāχ āϏ্āĻŦāĻĒ্āύ āϏāĻĢāϞ āĻ•āϰুāύ |


15. Genes, innate tendencies (sanskaras) stemming from previous births, circumstance, environment, education, training and association---all these go to make an individual.


16. āĻļ্āϰীāϰাāĻŽāĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖ āϤো āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āϚাāĻŦিāĻ•াāĻ ি āĻĻি⧟েāχ āĻ—েāĻ›েāύ | āĻŽা āϏ্āĻŦ⧟ং āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāĻĻাāϤ্āϰী | āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϜীāϰ āĻŦাāĻŖী āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āĻ…āϏি, āĻŽা⧟াāĻĒাāĻļ āĻ›েāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰে |


17. āĻŽাāĻ•ে āϝে āĻ­াāϞāĻŦাāϏāϞ, āϏে āϤো āϧāύ্āϝ āĻšāϞ |


18. āĻŽাāύুāώ āϏংāϏাāϰāϝāύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖা⧟ āϜāϰ্āϜāϰিāϤ, āϤাāĻ“ āϏংāϏাāϰāϏুāĻ–āχ āϚাāχāĻ›ে | āĻāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻŽা⧟া, āϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ্āϧে āĻ…āϜ্āĻžাāύāϤা |


19. āϏāĻšāϜāĻ•ে āϏāĻšāϜে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ āύা, āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ | āφāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϏāĻšāϜ āύ⧟ | āĻļেāώে āϝāĻ–āύ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāϞ, āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŦāĻ™্āĻ•িāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻŦাঁāĻ•েāĻŦিāĻšাāϰীāϤে āϰূāĻĒাāύ্āϤāϰিāϤ āĻšāϞ |


20. 

āϚāϞো āϏāĻŦে āĻ­াāχ,

āĻŦāϞāϰাāĻŽ āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ āϝাāχ |


21. 

He saw the soul of Bhāratvarsha during his wanderjahre across the bare face of the motherland. His footsteps sanctified her even as she made holy his entire being that soon became her condensed form. The wandering monk traversed the gamut of the Sanātan experience of several millenia before lionlike he emerged from the forest of his erstwhile habitat into the broadway of the world, disseminating the message of the Rishis brewed in mountain caves and on riverbanks for untold ages before it gained fulfilment amongst masses of modern men and women.


22. āĻŽা⧟া āĻ•াāϟাāύো āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻļāĻ•্āϤ | āϏāϰ্āĻŦāϤ্āϰ āĻŽা⧟া | āϤাāχ āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰেāϰ āĻļেāĻ–াāύো āĻĒ্āϰাāϰ্āĻĨāύা, "āĻŽা, āϤোāĻŽাāϰ āĻļ্āϰীāĻĒাāĻĻāĻĒāĻĻ্āĻŽে āϝেāύ āĻļুāĻĻ্āϧাāĻ­āĻ•্āϤি āĻšā§Ÿ āφāϰ āϤোāĻŽাāϰ āĻ­ুāĻŦāύāĻŽোāĻšিāύী āĻŽা⧟া⧟ āϝেāύ āĻŽুāĻĻ্āϧ āύা āĻšāχ |"


23. āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ•েāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻ•্āϰāĻŽেāχ āĻ•āĻŽāĻ›ে |


24. Hindus must not have vague ideas about Hindutva or Hinduism. Scholarship is necessary and that of Islamic texts as well.


25. āύিāϰāύ্āϤāϰ āĻ•āĻĨাāĻŽৃāϤāĻĒাāĻ ে āύিঃāϏāύ্āĻĻেāĻšে āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি |


26. 

Saffron shows the way,

The way to light and freedom.

Let the colour of the radiant sun

Adorn us for good.


27. Hindus have not a single country of their own. All other observers of major religions have theirs. Only Hindus have none. 🕉 Hindu!


28. āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ•āϤা āĻšāϞ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻŽুāĻ–ীāύāϤা |


29. āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϜীāχ āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļ | āφāϰ āĻ•েāύāχ āĻŦা āĻšāĻŦেāύ āύা ? āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒুāϰুāώāϏিংāĻš āϤো āφāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āĻĻেāĻ–ি āύা | āϤāĻŦে āύা āϤাঁāĻ•ে āφāϧ্āϝাāϤ্āĻŽিāĻ• āϏāĻĒ্āϤāϰ্āώি āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽāϰ্āϤে āύি⧟ে āĻāϏেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āϏ্āĻŦ⧟ং āĻ­āĻ—āĻŦাāύ, āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰ āύিāϜāĻšাāϤে āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āϤুāϞāϞেāύ āϜীāĻŦāĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ | āϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϤাঁāĻ•ে āĻĻিāϞেāύ āϚাāĻĒāϰাāĻļ, āϝে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϤে āϜāĻ—ā§Ž āϟāϞে āϝা⧟, āĻĻিāĻ—্āĻ­্āϰāώ্āϟ āĻŽāύুāώ্āϝāĻ•ুāϞ āĻĻিāĻŦ্āϝāĻĻিāĻļা āĻ–ুঁāϜে āĻĒা⧟ āĻ“ āϏেāχ āĻĒāĻĨে āϚāϞāϤে āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰে | āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāϜী āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻ…āύāύ্āϝ, āĻŦāĻšুāĻ­াāĻŦেāϰ, āĻŦāĻšুāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϰ āϏāĻŽāώ্āϟি āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟ | āϤিāύি āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻ“ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ, āĻĒ্āϰাāϚ্āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒাāĻļ্āϚাāϤ্āϤ্āϝ, āĻ…āϤীāϤ, āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āĻ¯ā§Ž, āϏāύাāϤāύ āϏāϰ্āĻŦ āĻļাāϏ্āϤ্āϰ, āϜ্āĻžাāύ, āĻ­āĻ•্āϤি, āϝোāĻ— āĻ“ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽ---āĻāχ āϚāϤুāϰ্āϝোāĻ—, āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ূāϤি, āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āφāĻĒাāϤāĻŦিāϰোāϧী āĻŽāϤেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāĻšাāϰ, āϏāĻŽāύ্āĻŦ⧟āϏ্āĻĨāϞ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽাāϧাāύ | āϏāϤ্āϝিāχ āϤাঁāϰ āϤুāϞāύা āύেāχ |


30. āĻ…āϏāĻŽāĻ­াāĻŦāχ āĻšিংāϏা |


31. āĻāϤ āĻ…āĻĻ্āĻŦৈāϤ āĻŦেāĻĻাāύ্āϤ āύা āĻ•āϰে āϝāĻĻি āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύী āĻ“ āĻ•āĻĨাāĻŽৃāϤ āĻ›āĻĄ়াāϤো āϰাāĻŽāĻ•ৃāώ্āĻŖ āĻŽিāĻļāύ āϤো āĻ•াāϜ āĻšāϤ āĻĸেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļি | āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāϜুāĻĄ়ে āĻŽাāύুāώ āϤৃāώ্āĻŖাāϰ্āϤ, āĻŦিāώ⧟āϰোāĻ—ে āϜāϰ্āϜāϰিāϤ | āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰেāϰ āĻ…āĻŽৃāϤāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦাāĻŖী āĻ“ āϚাāϰিāϤ্āϰāĻŽাāϧুāϰ্āϝ āĻŽāϞāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰāϤ | āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰ āĻŽāĻšৌāώāϧি |


32. āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ•ে āĻļুāĻ­ āĻ•াāϞী āĻĒূāϜা ! āφāĻ—ুāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏাāĻŦāϧাāύ ! āϏāĻ•āϞেāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύ āφāϞোāĻ•িāϤ āĻšোāĻ• ! āϏāĻ•āϞে āϏুāϰāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ুāύ | āĻļিāĻļুāĻĻেāϰ,  āĻŦাāϚ্āϚাāĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻŽāϞে |


33. That which is special, when it becomes general, becomes divine.


34. More people in the world do not believe in Islam than they believe in it. This must be understood and its implications.


35. The proof of a thing is only remotely approximate, never closely so. All things remain perceived, never proven. Truths are only beliefs, beliefs that aren't inviolable truths. Man is in error forever, his assertions on God and faith childish prattle. This world is a big playhouse where toddlers tumble over toys and tools. Big boys do not fight, adolescents do.


36. 


37. 


38. 


39. 


40. 

























CONVERTS TO HINDUISM ARE FAR MORE COMMITTED TO THE DHARMA THAN HINDUS BORN INTO THE FOLD




CONVERTS TO HINDUISM ARE FAR MORE COMMITTED TO THE DHARMA THAN HINDUS BORN INTO THE FOLD


A convert to Hinduism is much more aware of the civilisational dangers that Hindus face than Hindus born into the fold. And they are far more committed to saving the Hindus from potential and real threats. This is because they are Hindus not by birth but by conviction, by choice. They have themselves gone through the exclusiveness, the narrowness, the intolerance and the persecution of their former faiths which prompted them to change faith. And where better to seek refuge than in the arms of the Mother Faith, the Sanātan Dharma which in the glowing description of Swami Vivekananda in his inaugural speech at the Chicago Parliament of Religions is 'the mother of all religions'?


Hindus will be better off converting others to their fold and, so, expanding their domain instead of covering up indolence in this regard by preaching to their own hearts universality with respect to proselytising faiths like Islam and Christianity and allowing fellow Hindus to ceaselessly get converted to these Abrahamic faiths. It is high time to safeguard Hindu interests and to give up secular or liberal pretence. And most importantly Hindus must practise Hinduism. Chanting, meditating, reading the scriptures and associating with the holy ones---these are a must. 🕉 Hindu!


Written by Sugata Bose

Monday, 2 November 2026

SAY 'NO' TO GREAT MEN'S FALSE ASSERTIONS IF EVEN PROPHETIC

SAY 'NO' TO GREAT MEN'S FALSE ASSERTIONS IF EVEN PROPHETIC 


The greatest of men make convenient compromises which, to my mind, bespeaks of their double standard and cowardice. Thereby they lose credibility with future generations and are impotent as well in preventing civilisational catastrophes which apparently they had descended on earth to prevent. Truth-telling is important which is why unbiased scholarship is necessary in judging historical personalities and events rather than depending on off-hand observations of these greatest of men who are guided as much by inspiration as by impulse in passing judgement on events and personalities past. Be scientific. Research well from all angles and arrive at your own near to truth inference. Do not depend on prophetic utterances or inspirational observations. Truth is not meee inspiration. It is factual as well. And more so, so.


Written by Sugata Bose

Friday, 30 October 2026

POESY BENGALI

POESY BENGALI ... 1


āϤāĻŽো āĻ•āϰে āύাāĻļ |

āϰāϜো āϏৃāώ্āϟি āĻ•āϰে,

āϏāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϞāύ |

āϰāϜো āĻĻি⧟ে āύাāĻļো āϤুāĻŽি āϤāĻŽোāϰে |

āϏāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦ āύাāĻļুāĻ• āϰāϜো āϏāĻŽāϰে |

āĻļāϰāĻŖাāĻ—āϤি āĻ“āχ āϏāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦেāϰে āĻ­েāĻĻি

āωāĻŦে āϝাāĻ• āϞ⧟ে āϜীāĻŦে 

āϤিāύ āĻ—ুāĻŖাāϤীāϤ āĻ“āχ 

āĻ­āĻ—āĻŦā§ŽāĻ•্āϰোāĻĄ়ে |

āϞীāϞা āĻšোāĻ• āϏাāĻ™্āĻ—,

āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŦিāĻšāĻ™্āĻ—

āωāĻĄ়ুāĻ• āφāĻ•াāĻļে---

āϚিāĻĻাāĻ•াāĻļে |

āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŽীāύ āϝāĻĨা

āϏāύ্āϤāϰāĻŖে āϏুāĻ–ে

āĻ…āĻŽৃāϤāϏাāĻ—āϰে ||


āϰāϚāύা : āϏুāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāϏু (Sugata Bose)



POESY BENGALI ... 2


āϚা āύāĻĻীāϤীāϰে āĻāĻ•াāĻ•ী āĻŦāϏি,

āĻŦোāϏ āĻ•āϰে āϏুāĻ–ে āϚা āĻĒাāύ |

āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻ•েāύ āϝে āϞ⧟ āύা āĻļিāĻ•্āώা 

āϏুāĻĻূāϰ āĻļিāώ্āϝ āĻšāϤে---āϜাāĻĒাāύ ?


āϰāϚāύা : āϏুāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāϏু (Sugata Bose)



POESY BENGALI ... 3


āĻĢোāĻ•āϞা āĻĻাঁāϤে āĻšাāϏি

āφāĻŽি āĻŦāĻĄ়āχ āĻ­াāϞāĻŦাāϏি |

āϤিāύ āĻ•াāϞ āĻ—ি⧟ে āĻāĻ•āĻ•াāϞে āφāĻ›ে,

āϤাāĻ“ āĻ–েāϤে āϚা⧟ āĻ–াāϏি |


āϰāϚāύা : āϏুāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāϏু (Sugata Bose)



POESY BENGALI ... 4


āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ āĻ–োঁāϜে āĻĻুāϰ্āĻŦāϞ āϜāύ | 

āϏāĻŦāϞ āĻĻুāϰ্āĻŦāϞেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦāύ āĻšāύ ||


āϰāϚāύা : āϏুāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāϏু (Sugata Bose)